In the translation industry, acronyms and abbreviations are everywhere, from project specifications and software tools to academic studies.
While great for quick communication, they can be confusing to newcomers.
Yet, clear communication is extremely important to ensure that all projects remain error-free (or as close to that as possible).
With that in mind, our goal here is to provide the most comprehensive list of translation industry acronyms and abbreviations available online in 2026. We hope that it can serve as your personal glossary in case of confusion.
Fundamental translation acronyms and abbreviations
1. GILT – Globalization, Internationalization, Localization, Translation
GILT is an umbrella industry acronym that encompasses the entire lifecycle of language services. It’s now less common in day-to-day usage, with most teams preferring “globalization” or “localization” as shorthand.
2. g11n – Globalization
Globalization is the overarching business strategy of preparing and operating a product or business for international markets. It covers everything from supply chain and legal compliance to product design.
In a localization context, g11n includes planning markets/locales, compliance and content strategy, and ensuring the product is designed to scale localization.
For example, when McDonald’s decided to enter India, they created a new burger called the “McAloo Tikki.” This new burger respected local dietary customs (no beef) and leaned into local flavors and naming preferences.
3. l10n – Localization
Localization (l10n) is the process of adapting a product or content for a specific locale (market). While not as broad as g11n, l10n includes translation and non-linguistic elements (date/time formats, currencies, imagery, legal requirements, and UI layout constraints).
A good example is Black Myth: Wukong’s launch. The developers included different times for each time zone where the bulk of their potential gaming segments would be from in their release posters.
4. t9n – Translation
The industry standard abbreviation for translation is t9n (representing the word “translation” with 9 letters between “t” and “n”). t9n is the process of converting written content from a source language (SL) into a target language (TL) while preserving meaning, intent, and tone for the intended audience.
In localization, translation is usually one component of a broader adaptation effort, alongside non-linguistic changes like formatting, UI constraints, and cultural adjustments.
5. i18n – Internationalization
Internationalization (i18n) is the engineering and design work that makes a product “world-ready” before any translation happens.
For instance, it includes externalizing UI strings, supporting Unicode, and using locale-aware formatting for dates, times, numbers, and currencies. Without i18n, localization is often slow, expensive, or error-prone.
6. m17n – Multilingualization
Multilingualization (m17n) refers to a product’s (typically software’s) ability to support multiple languages simultaneously, often within the same system instance or dataset.
Unlike l10n (adapting for one locale) and i18n (engineering readiness), m17n emphasizes concurrent multi-language operation (e.g., a database holding Japanese and English content side-by-side).
7. a11y – Accessibility
Accessibility is the practice of making digital products usable by people with disabilities.
In our industry, this often refers to closed captions (CC), subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH), audio descriptions, and localized alternative (alt) text for images.
Localization acronyms about organizational structure
8. LSP – Language Service Provider
LSP is the industry-standard term for a company that provides translation, localization, interpreting, and related language services.
LSPs range from boutique agencies to large multi-nationals employing hundreds of translators worldwide (like us!). Depending on the scope, an LSP may operate as a single-language vendor (SLV) or a multi-language vendor (MLV).
Increasingly, some LSPs position themselves as language solution integrators (LSI) by embedding more technology into delivery.
9. MLV – Multi-Language Vendor
An LSP that can deliver translation and localization into many languages under one program (e.g., one project delivered into 30 languages).
Clients often choose MLVs for centralized vendor management, consistent processes, and a single point of contact across regions. All MLVs are LSPs, but not all LSPs operate as MLVs.
10. SLV – Single-Language Vendor
A language provider specializing in one language pair or a narrow regional/language group.
SLVs are often chosen for deep market expertise, niche domain focus, or local presence, and may be subcontracted by larger MLVs to cover specific languages.
11. LSI – Language Solution Integrator
An LSP that goes beyond delivering traditional localization by integrating SOTA technology, workflows, and data (e.g., TMS/CMS connectivity, automation, and AI assistance) into a client’s content lifecycle.
The goal is to reduce manual effort and improve scalability, not just to “use new tools.”
Note: The term is relatively recent and used in parts of the industry to describe tech-forward providers. In plain terms, they are MLVs with an increasingly automated workflow (MLV+LTP).
12. LTP – Language Technology Platform
LTPs are companies that primarily sell language or localization software or infrastructure rather than translation services (e.g., DeepL or ElevenLabs).
For instance, selling a TMS, a CAT tool, a terminology system, QA tooling, or AI translation technology.
13. TaaF – Translation as a Feature
When translation is embedded directly into a broader product or platform (often powered by MT), rather than purchased as a standalone localization service.
Examples include in-app auto-translation or “multilingual modes” inside ecommerce, video, or social platforms. TaaF shifts translation from a vendor-procured project to a built-in product capability.
Commercial, legal & procurement acronyms
14. NDA – Non-Disclosure Agreement
A legal contract that protects confidential information shared between parties (e.g., client to LSP, or LSP to freelancer, and vice versa).
In localization, NDAs matter because linguists may see unreleased products or sensitive materials; leaks can be costly, especially in regulated industries (healthcare, finance, etc.).
15. MSA – Master Services Agreement
The primary contract governing a long-term client–vendor relationship. It sets overarching legal and commercial terms (payment terms, liability, confidentiality, dispute handling) and typically applies to all future projects executed under it.
An MSA helps avoid renegotiating the terms of every single small project.
16. SOW – Statement of Work
A project-specific document defining scope, deliverables, timelines, pricing, and responsibilities for a particular project.
If the MSA defines the relationship, the SOW defines the job. It often includes assumptions, acceptance criteria, and procedures for handling changes.
Localization services & deliverables acronyms
17. T&I – Translation & Interpreting
The industry umbrella term covering the two primary modes of language conversion.
- Translation (t9n): Converting written content from a source language into a target language.
- Interpreting: Converting spoken (or signed) communication in real time or near-real time.
18. OPI – Over-the-Phone Interpreting
Real-time human interpretation delivered via telephone. The speaker says a sentence, pauses, and the interpreter translates.
It is critical for emergency services (911) and customer support centers where visual contact isn’t necessary, but speed is vital.
19. VRI – Video Remote Interpreting
Interpretation delivered via video, connecting a remote interpreter to an onsite user.
It’s especially useful when visual information matters (e.g., sign language such as ASL, or medical contexts where gestures and nonverbal cues are important) and/or an onsite interpreter is not available.
20. RSI – Remote Simultaneous Interpreting
Simultaneous interpreting delivered remotely via conferencing platforms (e.g., Zoom) or specialized RSI tools.
Unlike OPI or VRI, in RSI, the interpreter speaks at the same time as the speaker (with no pauses). It is the standard for virtual UN-style meetings.
21. AVT – Audiovisual translation
Audiovisual translation is a translation branch focused on video, audio, and multimedia content. It includes subtitling, dubbing, voice-over (VO), and accessibility-related deliverables such as SDH and captions.
22. VO – Voice-Over
Recorded translated speech that plays over the original audio (often still audible in the background), commonly used in documentaries, interviews, and instructional content.
23. CC – Closed Captions
On-screen text that transcribes spoken dialogue and sound effects (e.g., sound effects like [door slams], sometimes speaker IDs). Unlike subtitles, CC is designed primarily for viewers who cannot hear the audio (not those that can’t speak the language).
24. SDH – Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Subtitles that include both dialogue and non-speech information (sound effects, music cues, speaker notes) to support Deaf and hard-of-hearing audiences (simply speaking, subtitles + CC).
SDH can be same-language or translated, and is commonly delivered in subtitle formats such as .srt or .vtt.
25. SEO – Search Engine Optimization
Search engine optimization is the practice of improving a page’s visibility in search results. In localization, you may come across this acronym as “multilingual SEO,” which includes keyword adaptation (not just literal translation), localized metadata, and correct site/language targeting so users see the right language version in the right region.
Note: You may also encounter related services such as transcription and AI dubbing (e.g., ASR, TTS, S2S). Because these are primarily technology-driven, they are covered in the tools & automation section.
Production workflow and project operations acronyms
Processes
26. TEP – Translation, Editing & Proofreading
A common high-quality workflow that separates translation into three steps, typically handled by different linguists:
- Translation: Produces the initial target-language draft.
- Editing: Bilingual review against the source for accuracy, terminology, and consistency.
- Proofreading: Final monolingual polish for fluency, formatting, and typos (often without the source text).
In some workflows, MT/LLM-assisted production modifies or replaces parts of TEP (e.g., MTPE instead of human translation).
27. MTPE – Machine Translation Post-Editing
MTPE is the process where a human linguist reviews and corrects raw machine-translated output. It is usually split into:
- Light PE: Fix major errors for clarity and usability.
- Full PE: Edit to a publishable, natural target-language quality level.
28. PE – Post-editing
Post-editing is the process of a human correcting machine-generated translation output. In localization, “PE” most commonly refers to editing MT output, so it is often used interchangeably with MTPE in practice.
29. APE – Automated Post-Editing
A system where an AI model automatically corrects MT output to improve quality before human review, or to reduce the amount of human post-editing required.
30. HPE – Human Post-Editing
A term sometimes used to explicitly emphasize that the editing is done by a human, distinguishing it from APE.
31. HITL – Human-in-the-Loop
A model where humans provide oversight within an AI-driven system, such as reviewing outputs, handling edge cases, or providing feedback that is used to improve the system. The term comes from machine learning research.
In localization, HITL helps prevent automation from running unchecked and provides quality safeguards.
32. EITL – Expert-in-the-Loop
A workflow where domain experts intervene at critical points in an AI-driven process, focusing high-value judgment on risky or high-impact content instead of reviewing everything.
33. QA – Quality Assurance
The overall process and system used to ensure localization quality, including preventive measures (guidelines, governance assets, workflows) and planned checks.
Note: In localization, “QA” can refer to a workflow stage (“It’s in QA”) or the role/team responsible for those checks (“Send it to the QA team”).
See also: LQA, MQM (in the quality & standards section).
34. QC – Quality Control
The inspection and testing activities used to find defects in localization deliverables before release (e.g., linguistic review, automated checks, in-context verification).
In practice, the industry often calls these checks “QA,” but strictly speaking, QA refers to the overall quality process, while QC refers to the act of checking outputs for errors.
35. LSO – Linguistic Sign-Off
A late-stage in-context review confirming localized content is correct in its final environment (e.g., in the game build or on a staging/live website). LSO helps catch issues that are invisible in spreadsheets, such as truncation, layout problems, or misleading UI context.
36. LSR – Linguistic Safety Review
A specialized review focused on cultural appropriateness and potential legal or reputational risk in the target market (e.g., offensive language, sensitive references, taboo topics).
37. CR / ICR – Contextual / In-Country Review
A review of the translation in its final context, which is often performed by client-side reviewers or local market staff.
It helps validate market appropriateness, terminology preferences, and real-world fit (but can be subjective without clear guidelines).
38. UAT – User Acceptance Testing
A testing phase where end users (or proxies) validate that the localized product works as intended in real-world scenarios.
Unlike linguistic QA, UAT focuses on functionality and user flows (e.g., whether a German user can complete checkout).
39. Simship – Simultaneous shipment
Releasing a product in multiple markets at the same time as the original release (common in games/software).
Simship increases localization pressure because translation and QA often happen while the product is still in development.
Roles
40. PM – Project Manager
A project manager is responsible for planning and executing localization projects, including schedules, budgets, file handling, assignments, and communication between clients and linguists.
Localization PMs are often more hands-on with tools and file workflows than generalist PM roles.
41. VM – Vendor Manager
A VM manages the linguist supply chain by recruiting, qualifying, onboarding, negotiating rates, and maintaining performance data for freelancers and partner agencies. Unlike a PM who runs projects, the VM manages the talent pool.
42. SME – Subject-Matter Expert
A domain specialist (e.g., medicine, law, engineering) consulted to validate terminology and factual accuracy. SMEs are usually not translators, but they help ensure the translation reflects correct subject-matter meaning and professional tone.
Linguistic governance assets
43. TB – Term Base
A structured terminology database of approved (and sometimes forbidden) terms for a project or brand, often including definitions, usage notes, and preferred translations. Term bases help enforce consistent terminology across translators and content types.
44. SG – Style Guide
A rulebook for how to write in a specific project or brand context, covering conventions like punctuation, capitalization, numbers, terminology usage, UI writing conventions, formatting, and do/don’t examples.
A style guide operationalizes consistency across translators and content types.
45. TOV – Tone of Voice
The brand’s intended communication style and personality (e.g., playful, authoritative, warm, premium), including guidance on formality, audience relationship, and emotional tone.
TOV defines how the brand should feel; it is typically implemented through the style guide and examples.
46. DNT – Do Not Translate
An instruction indicating content that must remain unchanged in the source language (e.g., product names, trademarks, code variables like {user_id}, placeholders, or proper nouns).
DNT is commonly implemented via tags, protected text, or project instructions.
Related acronyms and abbreviations
47. TAT – Turnaround Time
TAT is the time needed to complete a specific task or the entire project. It is sometimes measured per step (translation, review) and sometimes end-to-end.
Depending on agreements, TAT may be calculated in business hours/days. In everyday use, you may see it as “TAT,” “tat,” or simply “turnaround.”
48. LP – Language Pair
The combination of the source and target languages used in a project (e.g., English-to-Spanish is one LP, while Spanish-to-English is another).
49. SL / TL – Source Language / Target Language
The SL is the original language of the content at hand, while TL is the language you are translating into.
50. ST / TT – Source Text / Target Text
The ST is the source content (often a segment or string), while TT is the translated output in the target language.
Tools and automation
Traditional localization platforms & assets
51. TMS – Translation Management System
A platform used to manage localization workflows, including content routing, file handoffs, assignments, status tracking, and vendor/client communication (e.g., Starling). Many TMSs also support quoting/invoicing and include (or integrate with) CAT tooling.
If a CAT tool is the translator’s workspace, a TMS is the program’s operating layer for managing projects at scale.
52. BMS – Business Management System
BMS is a term increasingly used to distinguish administrative platforms from linguistic ones. In contrast with a TMS, a BMS focuses strictly on business operations (e.g., client relationship management (CRM), quoting, invoicing, profit margin analysis, and vendor payments).
53. TBMS – Translation Business Management System
Essentially synonymous with BMS, but specific to the localization industry. It refers to business management software built explicitly for Language Service Providers (LSPs) rather than generic business tools.
Note: In casual usage, many people still group these tools under the umbrella term “TMS,” but “TBMS” is becoming preferred when discussing financial/admin-heavy platforms (e.g., Plunet, XTRF).
54. GMS – Globalization Management System
A term often used interchangeably with TMS. However, GMS implies a more enterprise-level focus, frequently handling not just translation workflows but also broader globalization tasks such as market-specific content routing or deep CMS integration.
55. CAT – Computer-Assisted Translation
Software that helps human translators by providing a workspace with features such as translation memory (TM) matches, term base (TB) enforcement, and tag protection.
CAT does not automatically translate by itself (that’s MT); it provides an assisted environment for human translation.
56. CMS – Content Management System
Software used to create, manage, and publish digital content (e.g., WordPress, Drupal, Adobe Experience Manager).
In localization, CMS–TMS integrations enable content to flow automatically for translation and back for publishing, supporting continuous localization.
57. TM – Translation Memory
A database that stores previously translated segments (sentences) in pairs (source and target strings). For example, if you translate the sentence “Click here to log in” once, the TM saves it. Next time that sentence appears, the CAT tool automatically fills it.
CAT tools reuse TM content through 100% matches and fuzzy matches, improving consistency and reducing cost for repetitive text.
58. OCR – Optical Character Recognition
Technology that converts text inside images or scanned documents (e.g., PDFs, JPGs) into editable, machine-readable text.
In localization, OCR is used to extract translatable content from scans or “image-only” files so it can be processed in CAT/TMS workflows and formatted correctly.
Automation
59. AI – Artificial Intelligence
A broad field focused on building systems that can perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence. In localization, AI underpins machine translation, quality estimation, content generation, and workflow automation.
60. NLP – Natural Language Processing
A branch of AI focused on enabling computers to understand and generate human language. NLP powers capabilities such as machine translation, spell-checking, terminology extraction, entity recognition, and sentiment analysis.
61. MT – Machine Translation
Machine translation is automated translation produced by a computer system without a human translator writing the initial draft.
MT is commonly used for high-volume content, “gisting” (quickly understanding meaning), or as a first draft for human post-editing (MTPE).
62. NMT – Neural Machine Translation
A modern approach (roughly started in 2016) to MT that uses neural networks to generate translations based on context, generally producing more fluent output than older rule-based or statistical approaches.
63. GenAI – Generative AI
A subset of AI that generates new content (text, images, code) rather than only analyzing existing data.
In localization, GenAI can support drafting, rewriting, summarization, and style adaptation, including creating target-language content without starting from an English source.
64. LLM – Large Language Model
A GenAI model trained on large datasets to understand and generate human-like text.
In localization, LLMs can support translation, rewriting, terminology-aware adaptation, and content generation, often with stronger instruction-following than traditional MT systems.
65. LRM – Large Reasoning Models
A class of advanced LLMs optimized to perform better on multi-step reasoning tasks by using more computation at inference time (often trading speed and cost for improved accuracy on complex problems).
In localization, LRMs are more likely to be used for higher-value tasks like QA reasoning, consistency checks, or complex adaptation rather than high-volume translation, where throughput and cost dominate.
66. MAS – Multi-Agent System
An advanced AI workflow where multiple specialized AI agents work together autonomously (e.g., one agent translates, another edits, and another performs QA).
MAS is still emerging in production localization, but it is increasingly explored as model capabilities and tooling improve.
67. RAG – Retrieval-Augmented Generation
A technique that improves LLM outputs by retrieving relevant reference material (e.g., term base entries, style rules, etc.) and providing it alongside the prompt.
RAG can improve terminology compliance and factual grounding, and can reduce hallucination risk when the retrieved sources are reliable.
Speech and media automation
68. ASR – Automatic Speech Recognition
An AI-powered technology that converts spoken audio into text.
In localization, ASR is commonly used for transcription and as an input to subtitling and captioning workflows.
69. TTS – Text-to-Speech
An AI technology that converts written text into synthetic spoken audio.
In localization, TTS can support automated voice-over, prototyping for dubbing, or scalable “AI dubbing” workflows where human voice acting is not required for every asset.
70. S2S – Speech-to-Speech
Technology that translates spoken audio in one language directly into spoken audio in another language.
Some systems can also preserve voice characteristics (voice cloning) to maintain a consistent speaker identity across languages.
Integration and connectivity
71. API – Application Programming Interface
A set of rules and endpoints that allow software systems to communicate.
In localization, APIs are used to integrate systems such as CMSs and TMSs, automate content handoffs, and connect localization workflows to product pipelines, repositories, and reporting tools.
Engineering, formats & technical standards
Interchange formats for localization assets
72. XLIFF – XML Localization Interchange File Format
The industry-standard file format for exchanging localization data between tools. For example, you can export an XLIFF from a CMS, send it to any CAT tool (Trados, MemoQ, etc.), translate it, and import it back.
XLIFF separates translatable text from code and structure, preserving metadata such as IDs, tags, and context.
73. TMX – Translation Memory eXchange
An open standard format for sharing translation memory data between tools and vendors. TMX helps organizations migrate or merge TMs without locking the data to a single CAT/TMS ecosystem.
74. TBX – TermBase eXchange
An XML-based standard for exchanging terminology (term bases) between tools, including terms, definitions, and usage notes.
75. SRX – Segmentation Rules eXchange
A standard format for defining how tools split text into segments (sentences).
Consistent segmentation rules help maintain stable TM leverage and match rates when moving data between tools.
Software resource and markup formats
76. JSON / XML / HTML
Common data and markup formats used in software and web localization. Localization engineers must extract translatable text while preserving the structure, including keys, tags, attributes, and placeholders, to avoid breaking the product.
77. DITA – Darwin Information Typing Architecture
An XML-based structured authoring standard for technical documentation.
DITA enables modular content reuse and consistent structure, which can reduce translation costs by reducing repetition and controlling writing style.
78. PO – Portable Object
A localization file format used by the GNU gettext framework, common in open-source and Linux software. PO files store translatable strings and their translations in a structured, text-based format.
Captions and subtitle technical formats
79. VTT – WebVTT (Video Text Tracks)
A text-based subtitle/caption file format used widely on HTML5 video platforms. VTT defines timing and text cues for captions/subtitles and may include metadata such as positioning.
Encoding, locale data, and globalization libraries
80. UTF-8 – Unicode Transformation Format 8-bit
A dominant Unicode encoding for the web that can represent characters from virtually all writing systems, preventing garbled text (mojibake) when content includes multiple scripts or symbols.
81. CLDR – Common Locale Data Repository
A widely used locale data set (maintained by the Unicode Consortium) defining regional formats for dates, times, numbers, currencies, plural rules, and more.
82. ICU – International Components for Unicode
A set of libraries used in many software stacks to support Unicode and locale-aware behavior such as formatting dates/numbers/currencies, collation (sorting), and text handling, often using CLDR data.
Text direction and bidirectional behavior
83. RTL/LTR – Right-to-Left/Left-to-Right
It refers to the direction of text in a writing system.
LTR scripts read left-to-right (e.g., English, Spanish, and Russian). RTL scripts read right-to-left (e.g., Arabic, Hebrew, and Urdu).
84. BIDI – Bi-directional
The ability of software to correctly render mixed RTL and LTR content in the same UI or text flow (e.g., Arabic text containing an English brand name).
Input and script entry tooling
85. IME – Input Method Editor
Software that enables users to input complex scripts (e.g., Chinese characters or Japanese kanji) using a standard keyboard, typically via phonetic typing and candidate selection.
Engineering utilities and pattern logic
86. RegEx – Regular Expressions
A pattern-matching syntax used to search, validate, and transform text.
In localization, RegEx is commonly used for find-and-replace operations, placeholder and tag validation, and automated QA checks (e.g., detecting incorrect number formats).
Quality frameworks & evaluation
International standards
87. ISO – International Organization for Standardization
ISO is an independent, non-governmental organization that publishes international standards across many industries, including language services.
Key standards in localization:
- ISO 17100: Requirements for translation services (process requirements and provider/translator qualifications).
- ISO 18587: Requirements for post-editing of machine translation output (process requirements and post-editor competence).
These are not the only ISOs you may run into, but they are the most common.
Quality frameworks and scorecards
88. MQM – Multidimensional Quality Metrics
A flexible framework for defining, categorizing, and reporting translation errors (e.g., distinguishing accuracy from fluency issues). MQM is widely used to customize quality evaluation and build consistent quality reports across teams and projects.
89. LQA – Linguistic Quality Assurance
A structured evaluation of translation quality using defined error categories and severity levels, often producing a score (and sometimes pass/fail) based on the number and impact of errors found.
MT evaluation metrics
90. BLEU – Bilingual Evaluation Understudy
An automatic metric used to evaluate machine translation by comparing MT output to one or more reference translations.
BLEU is useful for benchmarking systems at scale, but it does not always correlate well with human judgments of quality, especially for nuanced or creative content.
91. HTER – Human Translation Edit Rate
A metric that measures how much a human had to edit MT output to reach the final post-edited translation (often based on edit distance). Lower HTER generally indicates fewer edits were needed and that the MT output was closer to the desired result.
Predictive estimation
92. QE – Quality Estimation
A method (often ML/AI-based) that predicts the quality of MT output without using a reference translation. QE is commonly used to route segments, prioritize reviews, or determine whether content can skip human editing based on risk thresholds.
93. EEE – Edit Effort Estimation
A type of MT quality estimation that predicts how much human post-editing effort a machine-translated segment will require (e.g., none, low, medium, high; or predicted editing time and edits).
EEE typically relies on quality signals such as fluency, grammar, meaning preservation, and terminology/asset compliance to forecast the extent of edits needed.
Industry organizations
94. ATA – American Translators Association
A major professional association for translators and interpreters in the United States, known for its certification program and resources.
95. GALA – Globalization and Localization Association
An industry association for globalization and localization professionals and organizations, focused on community, resources, and industry practices (including technology and program management).
96. TAUS – Translation Automation User Society
An industry organization focused on translation automation, language data, and technology-driven practices, including MT and evaluation-related topics.
97. ELIA – European Language Industry Association
A trade association representing language service companies and professionals in Europe.
98. TAC – Translators Association of China
A national professional association in mainland China for translation and interpreting, supporting industry development, standards, and professional exchange.
99. CIOL – Chartered Institute of Linguists
A UK-based professional body for language practitioners, offering the prestigious DipTrans qualification.
100. JAT – Japan Association of Translators
A professional association supporting translators (and related professionals) in Japan, particularly in Japanese translation contexts.
Language packages
101. FIGS – French, Italian, German, Spanish
A common shorthand for a baseline Western European language package, often used in localization scoping and sales conversations.
102. EFIGS – English, French, Italian, German, Spanish
A variant of FIGS that explicitly includes English (often UK or US English, depending on project scope) as part of the target-language package.
103. CCJK – Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
A shorthand for major East Asian language markets/locales commonly scoped together.
These languages can require additional engineering attention (fonts, line-breaking rules, input methods, UI expansion/layout constraints, and directionality handling for mixed scripts).